末日将至？德国考虑重启“民兵制”协助国防
http://www.zaobao.com.sg/wencui/politic/story20160824-658061
70年前纳粹集权统治又来了？德国计划派兵到大街上
文 / gormike 2016年08月25日 10:11:46
德国政府近期动作频频，据NBC报道，德国政府讨论派军队到街道上以对抗恐怖组织ISIS。
此前，德国政府冷战以来首次要求民众囤积食物和水以应对可能的袭击和灾难；还计划重启义务兵制度。
德国政府计划派兵到街道上的做法引发了争议，人们担忧德国是否会再次陷入70年前纳粹那样的集权统治。
对此，默克尔所在党派CDU的一位立法者消除了人们的这些担忧。
他告诉NBC新闻，“近期慕尼黑受到恐怖袭击威胁，军队和警察都是为了保卫人民的安全，在遇到其他危机时，也是这么做的，这次为什么就不一样呢”。
2012年德国法院允许在国内处于紧急情况时，派兵驻守，用于非军事行动。
德国防长Ursula von der Leyen宣称，德国军队今年晚些时候将与警察一起训练对抗恐怖袭击。在慕尼黑和巴黎发生恐怖袭击之前这样的情况（派兵驻守街道）根本无法想象，但是现在我们必须做好准备。
德国政府近期一系列做法引发了一些观察家的关注，他们认为德国政府正在朝着军事化方向推进。德国马歇尔基金会安全专家Christian Moelling告诉NBC新闻，保守党似乎正在利用当前的恐怖袭击事件，以达到在国家边境驻军的长期目标。
Moelling指出，二战以来，政府在调配军队方面一直非常困难。如果要派兵用于内部安全，将需要以大票数通过宪法修正，然而这非常难以达到。
但是现在恐怖袭击频发可能给修宪快速通过带来转机。不要忘了，去年法国就是这么做的。
此前，德国媒体DPA援引的一份可信文件显示，德国政府考虑重新引入全国范围内的征兵制度，以在发生危机的时候有能力应对，比如需要履行北约的防卫义务。此外，冷战以来政府还首次要求民众囤积食物和水以应对潜在威胁和灾难。
上个月，德国接连发生了两起恐怖袭击事件。
7月22日晚上慕尼黑奥林匹亚大型购物中心地区发生枪击事件，造成9人死亡，16人住院。警方表示，枪手是18岁的伊朗裔德国人，目前尚未确定他的动机。
7月18日一名未成年的阿富汗移民在德国列车上用斧头袭击列车乘客，造成4人重伤。事件发生在特罗伊赫特林根开往维尔茨堡的近郊火车上。犯罪分子按下紧急制动，跳出车厢并试图逃脱警方。他在试图抵抗时被击毙。
Germany Debates Putting "Troops On Streets" To Protect Against Terrorism
The quiet German militarization continues to escalate.
One day after Germany's
DPA broke the news that the Merkel government is considering "bringing back nationwide conscription in times of crisis", such as situations in which the country needs to "defend NATO’s external borders", strongly hinting at the possibility of a future war, which in turn followed this weekend's
shocking announcement that Germans should prepare to stockpile several days of food and water "in case of an attack of catastrophe" as part of the country's revised "Civil Defense Concept, today NBC reports that
"Germany Debates Putting Troops on Streets to Protect Against ISIS."
To be sure, plans to involve soldiers in counterterrorism operations. and the suggestion troops could also be used to beef up security in public places, have proved controversial in a country only seven decades "removed from totalitarian rule that's still grappling with guilt from the Nazi era." However, Wolfgang Bosbach, a lawmaker from Merkel's CDU party, dismissed an such concerns.
"During the recent terror threat in Munich the German armed forces, and also the military police, were put on alert," he told NBC News. "They have been deployed in other crises, so why should the military not help with domestic security as well?"
A court decision in 2012 allowed Germany's armed forces to be deployed at home for peacetime missions under an "extraordinary emergency situation of catastrophic dimension."
While "Bundeswehr" solders have since helped during flooding as well as providing logistical support during the migrant crisis, deploying troops in peacetime among the broader population is sure to lead to far broader populist concerns.
While some politicians suggested the influx of migrants and refugees had created security risks and called for tighter border controls, others warned against overreacting. Boris Pistorius, the justice minister in the state of Lower Saxony, told Die Welt newspaper that the three incidents in a week span "should clearly be distinguished" and that he would refrain from describing "the series of very different attacks as a wave of violence."
He added: "We are not there yet."
But Interior Minister Thomas de Maiziere stated that Germans are "living in difficult times" and that police forces are already "overstretched."
Defense Minister Ursula von der Leyen recently announced that the German military would conduct counterterrorism training with police later this year. "There are scenarios we couldn't imagine before the attacks of Paris or Brussels but that we must address openly and for which we must prepare," she said.
One day after Germany's DPA broke the news that the Merkel government is considering "bringing back nationwide conscription in times of crisis", such as situations in which the country needs to "defend NATO’s external borders", strongly hinting at the possibility of a future war, which in turn followed this weekend's shocking announcement that Germans should prepare to stockpile several days of food and water "in case of an attack of catastrophe" as part of the country's revised "Civil Defense Concept, today NBC reports that "Germany Debates Putting Troops on Streets to Protect Against ISIS."
To be sure, plans to involve soldiers in counterterrorism operations. and the suggestion troops could also be used to beef up security in public places, have proved controversial in a country only seven decades "removed from totalitarian rule that's still grappling with guilt from the Nazi era." However, Wolfgang Bosbach, a lawmaker from Merkel's CDU party, dismissed an such concerns.
"During the recent terror threat in Munich the German armed forces, and also the military police, were put on alert," he told NBC News. "They have been deployed in other crises, so why should the military not help with domestic security as well?"
A full blown military deployment may face logistical difficulties: with an overall contingent of under 200,000 personnel, the country's armed forces are spread thin while fulfilling peacekeeping missions in Afghanistan, Kosovo, Mali and in the the Mediterranean Sea. According to the German Armed Forces Association, many servicemen don't want to be used as "stopgaps at home."
"We favor the planned training under the leadership of police forces in order to assess a potential role of the armed forces in a large-scale terror scenario," said Lt. Col. André Wuestner, the group's head. "But it should not be our goal to protect train stations."
Wuestner said his counterparts in France and Belgium have warned that their domestic security duties — such as patrolling city centers — have kept them from training for their main responsibilities, such as missions abroad.
Some tried to push their own agenda: the head of Germany's police union suggested that better equipment and weapons offered a better answer than troops on the streets of Berlin, Frankfurt and Hamburg.
"What we don't need is for that the armed forces to fill a personnel gap, which would lead to a militarization of inner security," Rainer Wendt said.
Yet despite the seeming acceleration by Germany to militarize at any cost, some more sover voices did emerge, such as that of Christian Moelling, a security expert at the German Marshall Fund of the United States, told NBC News that conservative politicians appeared to be trying to capitalize on recent events as they sought to achieve their longstanding goal of allowing the military to deploy within the country's borders.
He noted that since the end of World War II, high hurdles had been established governing how the armed forces can be used and was skeptical that any push to change that would be successful.
"To use Germany's military for interior security, including the use of force, would necessitate a large majority for a constitutional change, and this majority doesn't exist," Moelling said, adding that at least two-thirds of parliamentarians would have to approve such a measure.
It can, however, quickly be achieved should there be a few more terrorist attacks on German soil, which will promptly provide the needed cover if not to change the constitution, than to implement an indefinite state of emergency, bypassing such pesky things as laws. As a reminder, France has had once since last November.
The Survival Medicine Handbook: A Guide for When Help is Not on the Way 
天呀！政府竟要看老天爷行事？
